Spin-off vs. spin-out: a dual-category approach and minimal descriptors for comparable research and policy
Piotr Paluch1, Agnieszka Skala-Gosk2
1 Center for Innovation, Warsaw University of Technology, 4 Rektorska St., 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
2 Faculty of Management, Warsaw University of Technology, 85 Ludwika Narbutta St., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
1 E-mail: piotr.paluch@pw.edu.pl
ORCID: 0009-0005-0500-4005
2 E-mail: Agnieszka.Skala@pw.edu.pl
ORCID: 0000-0003-1988-6342
DOI: 10.2478/minib-2025-0010